Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Example for Free

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Exercise1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Name ____________________________________________________________ Lab Time/Date ______________________________ Activity 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. * The size of the pores of the membrane * The size of the molecule diffusing through the membrane 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? * Because the pores of the membrane were not large enough * I predicted this correctly. 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted that only glucose would diffuse through it and was right. Albumin is too heavy to diffuse through that membrane. 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. NaCl, Urea, Glucose, Albumin Activity 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs. -Similar – They pass through the membrane without the use of ATP, they’re both forms of passive transport. -Different The solutes in facilitated diffusion pass through a carrier protein while the solutes pass through the membrane in simple diffusion. 2.The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Since there were more carrier proteins, more glucose could diffuse into the cell at one time which made the process go along much quicker. I predicted this correctly. 3.Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I said that the rate of diffusion would decrease, which was wrong, because I figured that having the NaCl would equalize the concentration gradient and make the concentration gradient and make it a slower process. The rate actually remained unaffected because NaCl is not required for glucose in the simulation. Activity 3 Simulating Osmotic Pressure 1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted correctly in saying that the NaCl concentration would increase the pressure because they are directly related, meaning if one increased, that means the other one must have increased as well. 2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different. -Similar – Solutes can still pass through the membrane in both simple diffusion and osmosis. -Different – In diffusion, the particles go from high concentration regions to low concentration regions, while in osmosis it crosses from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. 3.Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles.† Water follows the solutes (milliosmoles) into higher concentrated areas of solutes, me aning it was going against the concentration gradient and chasing the milliosmoles. 4.The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Keeping in mind the past activities, I predicted correctly before doing this activity. The glucose diffused through to the left beaker forming equilibrium, which created osmotic pressure on the left side. The albumin cannot fit through that membrane so it didn’t reach equilibrium. Activity 5 Simulating Active Transport 1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. Because the sodium-potassium pump needs a 3:2 ratio to function, meaning once the concentration of the KCl runs out then the NaCl cannot function either. 2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted wrong with this activity because I said that the Na+ would be maximally transported. I know now that although in the presence of ATP, the pump still cannot function without any K. 3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I also predicted incorrectly on this one because I did not realize that the glucose carriers don’t need ATP to function so they were still at the mercy of how much potassium there was in the sodium-potassium pump. I thought that there would be easier access into the cell for the Na and K cells. 4.Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. Facilitated diffusion because it is moving with the concentration gradie nt and the glucose carriers don’t require ATP to transport the glucose.

The Future of Technology in Cars Essay -- Automotive Technology Resear

The Future of Technology in Cars â€Å"Need to check traffic conditions? Or your email? You can visit the Internet from the driver’s seat of your car. Lost? Onstar will guide you to your destination. Tired? Hungry ? OnStar’s concierge service will handle hotel and restaurant reservations. Stranded? OnStar will contact the nearest tow truck service and send help to any location. Important phone call to make? Just call out the number and you’re connected, all at your fingertips twenty-four hours a day, three hundred and sixty-five days a year.† These are just a few of the many advantages of having OnStar in your automobile. General Motors first introduced OnStar in the Northstar Cadillac’s in 1996, and now it is available to most cars. â€Å"OnStar is based on cellular telephone and global positioning system (GPS) technologies, and, although it has na vigation capabilities, it is far more than an onboard navigation system.† This means it is like a personal valet, but only a phone call away. OnStar has a protected security also, as you press the OnStar button the human operator on the other end asks for your personal password, once this is verified all services are available to you. OnStar provides human operators, all the time, not computers to help you. Once your password is verified the caller’s identification and location appears on the operator’s screen. Depending on your question the operator has a list of restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and basically anything in the area that you are calling from. OnStar is more than just a navigation system; because of the computer-activated system the OnStar operator can remotely unlock your car, or beep the horn. All the owner has to do is call from a payphone or cel... ...01). Telematics at a Glance. Retrieved September 25, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.findarticles.com/m3012/11_179/58038337/pl/article.jhtml Thorton, Emily. (2001). Digital Wheels: International Edition. Retrieved November 5, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_15/b3676012.htm?scriptFram USA Today (2000). Wired Cars Coming Of Age. Retrieved September 24, 2001 from The World Wide Web: http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/review/crh383.htm The Ultimate Vehicle Security System. (2001). Retrieved September 18, 2001 from the World Wide Wed: http://www.powerlock.com/plfront.htm U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1999). Air Bags and On-Off Switches. Retrieved on September 25, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/airbags/brochure.com

Victorianism Versus Modernism

Matias Gutierrez Mrs. Smith World Literature 21 December 2012 OLD*******8 Victorianism in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Modernism in The Metamorphosis Victorianism is about how the individual could improve the society. They believed that a good individual could make the society better as a whole and therefore improve life. Victorians focused on science and the desire for extremely realistic portrayal of life in both literature and art. Some aspects of Victorian thinking were retained while others were discarded in a new movement called Modernism.Modernists focus on the individual but have the view that humans are beings without free will and that they do not look for guidance within them, but instead are driven by factors outside of them. According to Modernist thinking, an individual is molded by the external factors that surround him. Therefore the way the society already is will affect the individual and Modernism tries to portray the effects of this. Each style captures something about the individual in the society. As mentioned above, Victorianism and Modernism both focus on the individual and the society.An example of this from a Victorian perspective is, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson. This novel zooms in on the view of the morality in people and society, incorporating science as well. Both of these aspects were vital to Victorian thinking. Victorian period began during the reign of Queen Victoria, which lasted between 1837-1901. During this period the sciences went through a major revival. Both of these ideals are demonstrated in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This novel accurately captures the ideals and behaviors occurring at the time with extreme detail and realism. â€Å"A certain sinister block of building thrust forward its gable on the street. It was two stories high; showed no window, nothing but a door†¦ The door, which was equip ped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained† (2). Victorianism’s desire for the utmost detail on even the most routine things was demonstrated in most novels during the period.The extreme realism creates a better picture of society and how things are occurring during the lives of the individuals living then. The notion of morality and science were also in Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This is a story of a respected doctor’s attempt to separate the two different aspects of human nature, good and bad. Dr. Jekyll who is depicted as a moral and decent gentleman, who participates in charity work and has the reputation of being a courteous doctor, personifies the good aspect.His experiment is to try to purify his good-natured self from his â€Å"wild and depraved† side. His experiment goes awry instead Jekyll liberates his primal, deprave and criminal side taking the name of Mr. Hyde. Hyde i s a â€Å"troglodyte,† a primitive creature who asks on instinct instead of conscious and moral decisions. His reputation as an animal grows as he commits crime after crime. Hyde takes his immorality to the limit. He is the complete opposite of Jekyll. The scene when Hyde takes the potion to transform him backs to Jekyll, â€Å"He put the glass to his lips, and drank at one gulp.A cry followed; he reeled, staggered, clutched at the table and held on, staring with injected eyes, gasping with open mouth; and as I looked there came, I thought, a change—he seemed to swell—his face became suddenly black and the features seemed to melt and alter—and at the next moment †¦pale and shaken, and half fainting, and groping before him with his hands, like a man restored from death—there stood Henry  Jekyll! † (40). (Stevenson) This scene demonstrates that alchemy and science were heavily pursued during this time. Science was on the rise again duri ng this period and Dr.Jekyll was testing everything that science could do for the society and through his testing and experimenting Jekyll changes to Hyde who is the bane of society. His scientific experiment helps show society that one bad individual could alter the â€Å"good life† of society. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde showed people that being a good person is the best thing to do for society and for the individual. The reason Jekyll is a good example to show the Victorian qualities of science exploration and the effects the individual has on the world is explained by Masao, â€Å" In this society of respectables Dr.Jekyll stands out as â€Å"the very pink of the proprieties†(Chap. 1). Although his studies, like those of Faust and Frankenstein before him, tend toward â€Å"the mystic and the transcendental† (Ch. 10), he still manages to maintain a considerable scientific reputation. And yet, despite Jekyll’s social role-in fact, becau se of it-it is Jekyll who brings for Mr. Hyde. † (Masao 470-480) Masao explains why Jekyll underwent his transformation and how science heavily influenced his thinking to try this experiment. Masao also explains that science is possible through the well-mannered people of the time and their questioning of ways to improve society.The Modernism Period was about the individual and that the individual could not really change society. The Modernist literary period was marked by the reactions and sentiments towards global change and tragedy. The Modernist movement began around 1890 and lasted to 1945. Now during this time the World Wars wreaked havoc on the most culturally, technological, and industrialized parts of the world; which caused people to want to create order out chaos, or just to lose hope or alienate themselves which gave rise to Existentialism.With the creation of Modernism, came Magical Realism, Existentialism, and a break against the traditional styles of the past. O ne Modernist writer who accomplished all of the criteria for Modernism is Franz Kafka. Kafka, who was a very troubled man during his lifetime, clearly showed the affect his life had influenced him in his writing. Kafka was severely depressed at times and would express his feelings in certain stories of his such as In the Penal Colony and The Metamorphosis. Kafka would make his characters suffer his torment in a fantasy, magical realism way.He would invent new places and put no happiness or positive emotion in them. He would make his work reflect his depressive state of mind. Many writers would explore traumatic or negative situations because during this time period that’s all there was. War heavily influenced the Modernist movement. Another story of Kafka, Metamorphosis shows how constantly living in a depressive state or war torn area can affect the people in those areas. In Kafka’s Metamorphosis, he introduces the main character Gregor Samsa as, â€Å" a commercial traveler† (89).Samsa is also described to be a hard worker who works his shift to pay back the debt his parents incurred. Before Gregor is transfigured, he is the primary breadwinner for his family who just accepts his duty and will do his best to fulfill it. After his transfiguration, he again doesn’t even question why, how it happened, or how he can fix his predicament he has awoken to. He goes on trying to make life the best it can be. The opening line of Metamorphosis, â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed nto a gigantic insect† (89) (Kafka). Now as he realizes his alteration, he is totally unaffected by it. He continues thinking about how he will be able to make money for his family, even though there is no possible way he can help his family now. Kafka shows his sense of alienation and despair in reality through the lack of emotion in Gregor. It shows in the text that Kafka is deeply affected by h is depression. Modernism is marked by the separation of morality or positive social criticism that was present in Victorian writing.However Modernism breaks from Victorian by showing that the individual is more important to think about because Kafka shows what happens when the individual disregards it when thinking how to provide for the society. Kafka’s illustration of the society recognizing how it can not help or change the society is shown also in the interpretation of Nina Straus, who writes that, â€Å"Kafka sought to escape by way of ambiguous writings and from which Gregor escapes through his transformation into an insect is Kafka's image of an unequivocal, completely virile and powerful body.In contrast, we must imagine Kafka's own body, a body with which he felt â€Å"nothing could be achieved† (29), and that body's imagistic parallel in the â€Å"pitifully thin †¦ legs† of the insect Gregor, waving â€Å"helplessly† around a â€Å"bulkâ €  that is â€Å"divided into stiff arched segments† (67). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ My body is too long for its weakness, it has no fat whatsoever for creating a beneficial warmth, for maintaining an inner fire, no fat from which the mind could someday nourish itself beyond its daily need without damaging the whole.How shall the weak heart †¦ manage to push the blood through the entire length of these legs? † The description shows how weak Kafka was during his life. He would rather try to improve himself than try to improve the flawed society that was being ravished by war, loss, despair and alienation. Victorianism and Modernism both focused on the individual and the society however they had very differing ideas about which was better to focus on. Victorians believed that helping the society was more important than focusing solely on the individual.A healthy and good person was extremely beneficial to the society and the way of life at the time. However introspection was not really praised but studying science was. Science was the way to improve society therefore Victorians were behind it completely. They wanted the best society possible even if that meant sacrificing some introspection and self-enlightenment, which Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde demonstrates perfectly. Modernism, however, had given up on society. There was nothing the individual could do to improve his way of life. Their was set and nothing could change it.Modernists were particularly depressed with this thinking but it was heavily influenced by the World Wars. Kafka affected by this depression coped by creating Magical Realism as an escape from reality even though Metamorphosis still shows the flaws in society. Both of these styles have differing views on society and how society can make life better. Victorians were the first to believe that a healthy society meant good individuals but Modernists show that society will be flawed and there is nothing the individual can do to change this f act.Works Cited Masao, Miyoshi. â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and the Emergence of Mr. Hyde. †Ã‚  College English. 27. 6 (1966): 470-480. Print. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/374021;. Straus, Nina. â€Å"Transforming Franz Kafka's â€Å"Metamorphosis. †Ã‚  University of Chicago Press. 14. 3 (1989): 651-667. Print. . Stevenson, Robert Louis . The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Roslyn: Dover Thrift Editions, 1991. Print. Kafka, Franz. The Complete Stories. New York: Schocken Books Inc. , 1971. Print.

Loneliness in the Novel Plainsong by Kent Haruf - 610 Words

Plainsong is a novel written by Kent Haruf, that takes place in Holt Colorado. In this book Tom Guthrie is left to take care of his two boys, Ike and Bobby, as a single parent after their mother left them. Victoria Roubideaux grew up without a father figure, her mom kicked her out after she found out she was pregnant and Victoria was left to find somewhere else to live. And the McPheron brothers live out in the country by themselves taking care of their cattle. The theme of this novel is loneliness, every one of these characters are experiencing loneliness throughout this book. Tom Guthrie and his two boys, Ike and Bobby, began the theme of loneliness right from the start when their mother was so depressed and wouldn’t come out of her room. The boys would go to check on her everyday and try to get her to come down stairs even to join the family for dinner but she wouldn’t get out of bed. But the reason Ella, their mother, wouldn’t leave her room because she was in such a state of depression and felt as if she was all alone. Eventually she realized there was nothing her boys could do to make her feel any better so she decided that moving out of the house would be best for all of them. But when she did this they boys felt as if they no longer had a mother, and Tom was left to raising their children all by himself. This sense of loneliness put a strain on everyone in the family; Ike and Bobby continuously asked Tom if their mother was every going to return home. Their fatherShow MoreRelatedEssay about Plainsong by Kent Haruf634 Words   |   3 PagesPlainsong by Kent Haruf Kent Haruf was born and raised on the north east plains of Colorado and attended Nebraska Weslegan University and The University of Iowa. After he graduated he owned a chicken ranch in Colorado, work at the Royal Gorge Bridge and was in the peace corps before he settled down to teach at the University of Iowa. He has had much experience in small town life, which is why his book, Plainsong is so beautifully written. Haruf has first hand experience in the gossip, drama